TUGAS LAORAN BAHASA INGGRIS AMPLIFIER TEHNIK INSTALASI TENAGA LISTRIK

FINAL TASK REPORT OF ELECTRONIC STUDY

PROGRAM PROJECT ENGLISH LANGUAGE

School year 2016/2017

AMPLIFIER

Arrangged by :

Name                              : INDRIYANTO

                                        ANGGA PRADANA

                                        ALIF N

                                        WAHYU SAHPUTRA

                                        DIMAS EKO

Student’s number              :

Grade                              :

Competence program        : TEHNIK  DAN REKAYASA

Sub competence program  : TEHNIK INSTALASI  TENAGA LISTRIK

SMK NAGARA KEDUNGGALAR

School year 2016/2017

                                              PREFACE

         Praise we pray for the presence of Allah Subhanahu wata'alla for over abundance of mercy and grace so that we can complete the preparation of this paper in form and content.
         Our hope that a paper entitled "AMPLIFIER" This helps increase knowledge and experience for the reader, so that if there are things that are never perfect in this paper the reader may convey his suggestions to us.
         This paper we admit there are still many shortcomings because our experience yamg still lacking. Therefore, we expect readers to provide feedback that is constructive for the perfection of this paper.

                                                                              Kedunggalar,06 Februari 2017

                                                                                               

                                                                                             composer

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE                                                                                                                    i

PREFACE                                                                                                    ii

TABLE OF CONTEN                                                                                     iii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A.   Background                                                                                         1

B.    Problem formulation                                                                                       1

C.   Objectives                                                                                           1

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

A.   Definitions op-amp                                                                               2

B.  Characteristics of ideal of the OP-AMP                                                    3

C.  Use of the OP-AMP                                                                              5

CHAPTER III COVER

A.   Conclusion                                                                                          8

B.    Recommendation                                                                                  8

BIBILIOGRAPY                                                                                          9

PART I
PRELIMINARY

A.   Background

            Operational amplifier or op-amp is an electronic circuit that is designed and packaged specifically, so that by adding a little external components can be used for various purposes. Until now the op-amp is made and packaged in a series of discrete components is still considered so expensive by engineers or technicians. However, now with the technology of integrated circuits (ICs) have been upgraded, in the form of op-amp IC packaging become much cheaper and very widely used.
           At first op-amp is used for the calculation of analog circuits, circuit arrangements and instrumentation. Its main function is to perform linear mathematical operation (voltage and current), integration and reinforcement. Now the op-amp can be found everywhere, in various fields: sound reproduction, communication systems, digital processing system, commercial electronics, and various kinds of hobby tools. In the configuration we will find the op-amp input and a single output, input and differential output, or differential input and a single output.
            Configuration with differential input and a single output is widely used in the electronics industry. Everyone involved in electronics inevitably have to understand the usefulness of the op-amp, knowing its characteristics, is able to recognize the basic configuration op-amp circuits and able to work with him.

B.   Problem formulation

What's Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP)?
How is the use of OP-AMP?

C.   Objectives

The purpose of this paper is; so that students know the solution rather than the formulation of the problem above, and can apply it.

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A.   DEFINITIONS OP-AMP

          Operational amplifier (Operational Amplifiers - Op Amp) is an instant amplifier which can be directly used for many applications reinforcement. An Op-Amp is usually in the form of IC (Integrated Circuit). Packaging in Op-Amp IC assortment, there are lists of the op-amp (example: 741), two Op-Amp (4558, LF356), four Op-Amp (example = LM324, TL084) and so on. Operational amplifier is an integrated circuit (IC) having a base terminal 5 pieces. Two terminals for power supply, two others are used for the input signal in the form of reverse input (-) and not reversing input (+) and one terminal for output.

·        Operational amplifier is composed of several amplifier circuit that uses a transistor or FET. Usually made of op amp amplifier is easier than making the amplifier transistor because it does not require the calculation of the working point, bias and so forth.
Excess operational amplifier (op amp):

·         high input impedance so as not to overload the amplifier before.

·        low output impedance so that it remains stable despite further burdened by the circuit.

·        Bandwidth (bandwidth) wide so that it can be used on all audio frequency bands (woofer, midle, and tweeter)

·        The presence of null offset facility to facilitate proper arrangements so that the amplifier bias signal dititik middle.
The sections in Op amp:

·        Differential amplifier, which is part of the Op amp input. differential amplifier has two inputs (input + and input -)

·        Strengthening Buffer (Buffer), which is a buffer amplifier output signal of the differential amplifier in order to be ready to put the final amplifier op amp.

·        Regulatory Bias, the regulator rangkian bias of differential amplifier and buffer in order to obtain the stability of the zero point at the final amplifier output

·        Strengthening End, the amplifier is part of the Op amp output. This final amplifier usually uses push-pull configuration class B or class AB.

B.   Characteristics of IDEAL OF THE OP-AMP

Operational amplifiers are widely used in various applications due to its several advantages, such as strengthening high, high input impedance, low output impedance and so forth. Here are the characteristics of the ideal Op Amp:

·        Strengthening the open ring voltage (open-loop voltage gain) AVOL = ¥ -

·       offset voltage output (output offset voltage) VOO = 0

·       Barriers inputs (input resistance) RI = ¥

·       Barriers output (output resistance) RO = 0

·       The width of the band (band width) BW = ¥

·       The response time (response time) = 0 seconds

·       characteristic does not change with temperature
The ideal condition is only a theoretical condition There may not be achieved under practical conditions. But the makers are trying to make the Op Amp Op Amp which have characteristics closer to the conditions above. Because it is an Op Amp good must have characteristics closer to ideal conditions

Strengthening Voltage Rim Open
          Strengthening the open ring voltage (open loop voltage gain) is the differential reinforcement Op Amp in circumstances where there is no feedback (feedback) applied to it. Ideally, the voltage gain open circumference is:
AVOL = Vo / Vid = - ¥
AVOL = Vo / (V1-V2) = - ¥
          The negative sign indicates that the output voltage VO of phase with the input voltage Vid. The concept of an infinite voltage gain it difficult to visualize and impossible to achieve. One thing that needs to be understood is that the output voltage VO is much greater than the input voltage Vid. In practical conditions, AVOL price is between 5000 (about 74 dB) up to 100000 (about 100 dB).
          But in its application the output voltage VO is nothing more than the supply voltage supplied to the Op Amp. Op Amp therefore better used to strengthen the signal amplitude is very small.

Offset Voltage Output
         Offset voltage output (output offset voltage) VOO is the price of the Op Amp output voltage to the ground (ground) on the input voltage condition Vid = 0. Ideally, the price VOO = 0 V. Op Amp to meet the price referred to as Op Amp with CMR (common mode rejection) ideal.
         But in practical conditions, due to the imbalance and ketidakidentikan the differential amplifier in the Op Amp, then the offset voltage VOO typically cost slightly above 0 V. Moreover, when not used feedback VOO then the price will be big enough to cause saturation at the output. To overcome this, it is necessary to be applicable on a correction voltage Op Amp. This is done so that when the input voltage Vid = 0, the output voltage VO also = 0. The resistance input (input resistance) Ri of the Op Amp is a big barrier between the two inputs Op Amp. Ideally barriers Op Amp input is infinite. But in practical conditions, the price barrier Op Amp input is between 5 kW up to 20 MW, depending on the type of Op Amp. This price is usually measured on the condition of Op Amp without feedback. If a negative feedback (negative feedback) is applied to the Op Amp, the Op Amp input barriers will increase.
In an amplifier, a large input constraints is an expected thing. The greater the obstacle input an amplifier, the better the amplifier amplifies the signal amplitude is very small. With a large input constraints, then the input signal source is not burdened too big.

Output Constraints
          Barriers output (output resistance) of Op Amp RO is the resistance in that arise during Op Amp working as a signal generator. Ideally the price barrier RO Op Amp output is = 0 Apabula this is achieved, then the entire Op Amp output voltage will arise in the output load (RL), resulting in an amplifier, the obstacles small output is expected.
In practical conditions the price barrier Op Amp output is between a few ohms to hundreds of ohms on condition without feedback. With the implementation of feedback, then the price barrier output will decline to near ideal conditions.

Bandwidth
         Wide band (band width) of Op Amp BW is the width of a specific frequency where the output voltage does not fall more than 0.707 of the maximum voltage value at the time of the amplitude of the input voltage constant. Ideally, Op Amp has an infinite bandwidth. But in practice, this is far from reality.
Most Op Amp paced guan has a bandwidth of up to 1 MHz and is usually applied to the signal with a frequency of several kilohertz. But there are also Op Amp specifically designed to work at a frequency of a few megahertz. Op Amp this type should also be supported by external components to compensate for high frequency in order to work properly.

response time
The response time (response time) of the Op Amp is the time required by the output to be changed after the input changed. Ideally price Op Amp response time is = 0 seconds, the output should be changed immediately when the inputs change.
But in practice, the response time of the Op Amp is fast but not instantly change the appropriate input. Op Amp response times generally are few micro seconds it is also called slew rate. Changes in output of only a few microseconds after the input change is generally accompanied by a surge exceeding oveshoot steady state conditions. But the application of the ordinary, it can be ignored.

Characteristics Of Temperature
As it is known, a semiconductor material that changes its characteristics when the temperature changes significantly. In an ideal Op Amp, characteristics do not change with changes in temperature. But in practice, the characteristics of an Op Amp generally little changed, although the application of the ordinary, such changes can be ignored.

Implementation of Operational Amplifiers
The circuit will be described and analyzed in this paper will use the operational amplifier working as a comparator and also works as an amplifier. Here are the configurations Op Amp working as an amplifier:

         The above image is an image of a non-inverting amplifier. Is called the amplifier noninverting amplifier for the input of the amplifier is noninverting input of Op Amp. This type of amplifier output signals in phase with the output signal. As for the appreciation of this amplifier can be calculated by the formula:
AV = (R1 + R2) / R1
AV = 1 + R2 / R1
thus:
VO = 1 + (R2 / R1) Vid
          In addition to the noninverting amplifier, there is also an inverting amplifier configuration. From its name, it can be seen that the signal input of the amplifier of this type is applied to the inverting input of the Op Amp, which is input by the sign "-". Pengaut inverting input signal from the different phases by 1800 with the output signal. So there jiak positive inputs, then the output is negative. Here is a schematic of an inverting amplifier:

Strengthening of the amplifier above can be calculated by the formula:
AV = - Rf / Ri
Thus: VO = - (Rf / Ri) Vid:

C.   USE OF THE OP-AMP

inverting amplifier
         Inverting amplifier basic circuit is as shown in the figure, where the input signal is made through the inverting input. As implied in its name, the reader would have guessed that the phase-inverting output of the amplifier will always be reversed input. In this series, in the wake of negative feedback via a resistor R2.

By using the rule 1 and rule 2, we describe the first few facts, among others:
vin = v +
v + = v = vin ..... see rule 1.
From here know flops voltage on R2 is vout - vout v = - vin, or Iout = (vout-vin) / R2.
Then flip the voltage on R1 is v = vin, which means the current IR1 = vin / R1.
Kirchkof law at the inverting input point is the fact which says that:

Iout + i (-) = IR1
Rule 2 says that i (-) = 0 and if substituted into the formula previously, the obtained
Iout = IR1 and if written with a voltage clamp each of the obtained
(Vout - vin) / R2 = vin / R1 which can then be simplified to: vout = vin (1 + R2 / R1)
If the reinforcement G is the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage, the importance of the strengthening of the op-amp non-inverting:

Impendasi for Op-amp circuit is the impedance of the non-inverting non-inverting input of the op-amp. From the datasheet, LM741 is known to have an input impedance Zin = 108 to 1012 Ohm.

integrator
The op-amp can also be used to create circuits with a frequency response, for example, a series of filters (filter). One example is the integrator circuit as shown in Figure 3. The basic circuit is an integrator inverting op-amp circuit, it's just a series of umpanbaliknya (feedback) instead of resistor but uses a capacitor C.

integrator
Let us try to analyze this circuit. The principle is the same as analyzing inverting op-amp circuits. By using two rules of op-amp (golden rule) then the point will be obtained inverting the mathematical relationship:
iin = (vin - v -) / R = vin / R, where v = 0 (aturan1)
Iout = -C d (vout - v -) / dt = -C dvout / dt; v = 0
iin = Iout; (Rule 2)
So if disubtisusi, will obtain the equation:
iin = Iout = vin / R = -C dvout / dt, or in other words
This is where the name of the series is taken, because mathematically the output voltage is an integral function of the input voltage. In accordance with the name of the inventor, the circuit thus also called Integral Miller circuit. The most popular applications using integrator circuit is a triangular signal generator circuit of the input signal form box.
By sequence analysis and notation Fourier integral, where
f = 1 / t and
strengthening of the integrator can be simplified by the formula
Actually, this formula can be obtained in other ways, namely by considering the basic formula of strengthening opamp inverting G = - R2 / R1.
In the integrator circuit is known:
Thus strengthening integrator can be obtained such as equation (5) or to look frequency response can also be written
Because of the frequency of such responses, a string of integrator is the basis of the low pass filter. Seen from the mathematical formula, reinforcement will be smaller (dampen) if the input signal frequency increases.
In practice, the circuit must diparalel feedback integrator with a resistor with a value of say 10 times the value of R or a specific amount desired. When the input in the form of a dc signal (frequency = 0), the capacitor will be open switch. If no feedback resistor instantaneous output will be saturation because the op-amp feedback circuit in open loop (open loop gains ideal opamp is infinite or very large). Feedback resistor value of 10R will always guarantee the output offset voltage (offset voltage output) of 10x to arrive at a certain cutoff frequency.

Differensiator
If the component C in the inverting amplifier circuit is placed in front, it will obtain differensiator circuit as in the picture. By the same analysis as integrator, will be acquired gains equation:
This formula mathematically shows that the output voltage vout in this series is the differentiation of the input voltage vin. A practical example of this mathematical relationship is if the input voltage signal form a triangle, then the output will result in a signal box.
differensiator
Differensiator rangkain shape is similar to the inverting circuit. So if departing from the formula inverting amplifier
G = -R2 / R1
and on a series of differensiator known:
then if this amount will be obtained formula amplifier substituted differensiator
From this relationship visible system will pass the high frequency (high pass filter), where the appreciation is directly proportional to the frequency. However, such systems will strengthen the high-frequency noise generally. For practical purposes, is made with a string of dc strengthening of one (unity gain). Usually diseri capacitor with a resistor whose value is equal to R. In this way will be obtained reinforcement 1 (unity gain) in the value of certain cutoff frequency.

CHAPTER III
COVER

A. Conclusion
The conclusions that can be drawn from this experiment is as follows:
§ operational amplifier can berfiungsi as an inverting amplifier (inverting) and reverse (non inverting) as well as a differential amplifier
§ operational amplifier or op-amp is a differential amplifier with two inputs and one output which has a very high voltage amplifier.
§ The stability of the components in the circuit is very influential on an observation.


B. Recommendation
I realize that the task of this paper is far from perfect so I did not close myself to accept criticism and suggestions from readers, at the end of a word, great hope writing this paper may be useful for the reader.
          

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sutrisno, 1987, Electronics Theory and Practice Volume 2.ITB basis: Bandung
Advanced Electronics Team 2010, Electronics lanjutan.Unimed: Medan
Woolard, Barry G, 1988, Electronics Praktis.Pradnya Pramita: Jakarta
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/elektronika_lanjutan